Biofeedback

This policy covers biofeedback therapy—using visual/auditory or EMG feedback to retrain physiological functions—for indications including adult urinary incontinence (stress, urge, mixed) after failed pelvic muscle exercise trials, pediatric dysfunctional voiding after unsuccessful conservative therapy, fecal incontinence with documented external anal sphincter weakness or impaired rectal sensation, dyssynergic constipation/defecatory disorders, tension/migraine headaches, chronic pain, and targeted muscle re‑education. Coverage requires cognitively and physically capable, motivated patients (caregiver support for children), is generally reserved for those who have failed adequate conservative and/or pharmacologic measures, excludes behavioral‑health biofeedback (addressed separately), and does not cover use in contraindicated conditions (e.g., isolated internal anal sphincter weakness, major structural continence damage, or substantial loss of rectal sensation); evidence is limited.