Non-Invasive Vascular Studies

Non‑invasive vascular studies (cerebrovascular including TCD, peripheral arterial, peripheral venous/DVT, visceral, hemodialysis access and vein/AV‑mapping) are covered when specific clinical indications are met (e.g., symptomatic ischemia, pre/post‑op evaluation, DVT/PE signs, sickle cell TCD, follow‑up of documented stenosis), while certain techniques (thermography, mechanical oscillometry, photoelectric plethysmography, etc.) and standalone ABI without a comprehensive documented pressure/waveform study are excluded. Key requirements: a referral and documentation that the result will affect management, documentation of specific signs/symptoms and prior studies when applicable, performance/interpretation by credentialed physicians/technologists or accredited labs with hard‑copy/digital outputs retained, and payment/setting limits for ESRD access studies (composite dialysis payments, and limits on billing both Doppler and angiogram unless medically justified).