Cryosurgical Ablation of Primary or Metastatic Liver Tumors

Cryosurgical ablation (CSA) of primary or metastatic liver tumors (via open, percutaneous, or laparoscopic approaches, typically with ultrasound guidance) is described for primary hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and liver metastases (notably colorectal and selected neuroendocrine tumors) when tumors are unresectable and amenable to locoregional therapy. Major limitations: CSA is considered experimental/investigational and not covered under this policy (coverage governed by the member’s benefit plan); evidence is limited to small, early HCCs (generally ≤4 cm and ≤2 lesions) without extrahepatic disease or portal vein invasion, and the procedure carries significant morbidity/mortality risks.

"Cryosurgical ablation (CSA) as a treatment option for primary liver tumors."

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